漢語的派生構詞法

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作者：馬振國
出版社：文鶴出版
出版日期：2012-03-01
語言：英文
ISBN10：9861475230
ISBN13：9789861475233
裝訂：平裝 / 226頁 / 17 x 23 x 1.4 cm / 普通級 / 單色印刷 / 初版

內容簡介

　　In the Chinese language, morphologically complex words have been attested since the remote past of the language, including both stem-modifying processes and agglutination of morphemes, mostly lexical and free in the classical language (see Baxter & Sagart 1998). Chinese word-formation has received much attention in the literature in recent times, but most descriptions and theoretical work on the topicare focussed on compounding (see e.g. Packard 1998, 2000, Lin 2001, Ceccagno & Basciano 2009a-b), and it is still a matter of debate whether compounding and derivation are two distinct phenomena in Modern Mandarin Chinese (see, among others, Pan, Ye & Han 2004).

　　In this monograph we intend to analyse Chinese word formation patterns which may be candidate to derivational status, according to the definition of such process of word formation which we find in the morphological literature (as e.g. Beard 1998, Naumann & Vogel 2000, Olsen 2000): they are patterns such as X—學 ‘the study of X’ (心理學xinlixue ‘psychology’) or X—性 'the property of (being) X’( 重要性 zhongyaoxing ‘importance’). The characteristics of the morphemes around which those patterns are built which sets them close to derivational affixes are that they appear in a fixed position, seem to form new words productively and convey a different, “emptier” meaning than that of the corresponding lexical morph (see Ma 1995). The apparent phonological (and, needless to say, orthographical) identity between a “would-be affix” and its lexical counterpart (as, say, 學 used as a verb, ‘to study’) is not surprising, since grammaticalization without alteration in the sound shape of a morph is a characteristic feature of languages belonging to the East and South-East Asian area (Bisang 1996, 2004). Therefore, the notion of “affixoid”, coined to describe word formation elements in European languages which are bound but phonologically identical to a free form in the language (such as Dutch boer, meaning ‘farmer’ as a word and ‘dealer’ when used as a bound form), proves to be unnecessary for Chinese.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………..……………………………………..V
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ VII
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... X
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................. XI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................ XII
PREFACE .............................................................................................XIII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE CHINESE LANGUAGE,
DERIVATION AND GRAMMATICALIZATION THEORY ............. 1
1.1 ON THE SUBJECT OF OUR STUDY: MANDARIN CHINESE...................... 1
1.1.1 What is „Mandarin Chinese‟? ....................................................... 1
1.1.2 The Phonology of Standard Modern Mandarin ............................ 4
1.1.3 Aspects of Mandarin Morphology and Syntax ............................. 5
1.1.4 The Chinese Script ........................................................................ 9
1.2 DERIVATION IN WORD FORMATION ................................................... 10
1.2.1 Lexical Derivation ....................................................................... 14
1.2.2 Derivation and Compounding: Delimiting the Borders ............. 17
1.3 DERIVATION AND GRAMMATICALIZATION ......................................... 32
1.3.1 Lexical Derivation and Grammaticalization ............................... 34
1.3.1.1 The „Parameters of Grammaticalization‟ ........................... 39
1.3.1.2 Grammaticalization and „bleaching‟ .................................. 46
1.3.1.3 Grammaticalization and lexicalization ............................... 59
1.3.2 Grammaticalization in East and South-East Asian Languages .. 62
1.3.2.1 Comparing „Western‟ and „Eastern‟ grammaticalization
phenomena .................................................................................... 69
1.3.2.1 Affixoids reconsidered ..................................................... 77

CHAPTER 2 PREVIOUS TREATMENTS OF LEXICAL
DERIVATION IN CHINESE LINGUISTICS ..................................... 81
2.1 SOME KEY NOTIONS OF MORPHOLOGY IN CHINESE LINGUISTICS .... 81
2.1.1 The notion of „morpheme‟ and related issues ............................. 81
2.1.2 „Root‟ vs. „Affix‟, „Derivation‟ vs. „Compounding‟ .................. 89
2.2 LEXICAL DERIVATION IN CHINESE LINGUISTICS ................................ 96
2.2.1 Overview ...................................................................................... 96
2.2.2 Recent works.............................................................................. 101
2.2.3 Summary .................................................................................... 112

CHAPTER 3 DERIVATION OR COMPOUNDING? THE
MANDARIN CASE .............................................................................. 113
3.1 THE BOUNDARY BEYWEEN DERIVATION AND COMPOUNDING IN
MODERN MANDARIN CHINESE ............................................................... 113
3.1.1 Methodological Issues ............................................................... 113
3.1.2 Our Sample ................................................................................ 114
3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLE ................................................................ 117
3.2.1 Class Nouns in East and South-East Asian Languages ............ 117
3.2.1.1 Some Remarks on the Role of Japanese on the Development
of Chinese Word Formation ........................................................ 124
3.2.1.2 Concluding Remarks on Class Nouns ............................... 136
3.2.2 Some „Newly-coined Affixes‟: on Analogy and Productivity . 142
3.2.3 „Chinese‟ vs.‟European‟ affixes? .............................................. 158
3.2.4 Between Morphology and Syntax: ‒者 –zhě and ‒式 ‒shì .... 167
3.2.5 Two models for prefixation ....................................................... 184
3.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................... 200

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION .............................................................. 203
4.1 LEXICAL DERIVATION IN GRAMMATICALIZATION THEORY ............ 203
4.2 „INNER‟ AND „OUTER‟ FORCES DRIVING THE EVOLUTION OF CHINESE
WORD FORMATION .................................................................................. 204
4.3 LEXICAL DERIVATION AS A CROSS-LINGUISTICALLY VALID
CATEGORY ............................................................................................... 206
4.4 SUGGESTED AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ................................. 207
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 210

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 The parameters of grammaticalization (Lehmann 1995) ............ 39
Table 2.1 A classification of Chinese morphemes (Dong X. 2004) ............ 86
Table 2.2 A classification of Chinese morphemes (Packard 2000)............. 88
Table 2.3 Affixes and affixoids in Pan, Ye & Han (2004) ......................... 97
Table 3.1 Our sample ............................................................................... 116
Table 3.2 The evolution of syllable structure in the history of Chinese .... 125
Table 3.3 Complex nouns with 學 xué as the head in Masini (1993) and in
NXCD (2005) ..................................................................... 134
Table 3.4 Sample of words containing 吧 bā as the right-hand constituent
(from Arcodia 2011) ........................................................... 146
Table 3.5 Prefixes, prefixoids and related categories in nine sources (Xu &
Cai 2007, Yang Y. 2007) .................................................... 186
Table 4.1 Inflection, derivation and compounding: salient formal and
semantic features ................................................................. 206
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1 The minimal syllable in Old Chinese (ca. 1000 BCE) and
Middle Chinese (ca. 800 CE) ................................................ 127
Figure 3.2 Radial network for 吧 bā ..................................................... 151

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