序言
Part One:Historical Origins and Theoretical Foundations
1.Theories of Communication and Theories of Society
Peter GoldingGraham Murdock
2.The Legacy of Robert A.Brady:Antifascist Origins of the Political Economy of Communications
Dan Schiller
3.The Frankfurt School and the Political Economy of Communications
Ronald V.Bettig
4.Communications:Blindspot of Western Marxism
Dallas W.Smythe
5.“Introduction”to Who Knows:Information in the Age of Fortune 500
Herbert I.Schiller
6.“Introduction”to Information and the Crisis Economy
Herbert I.Schiller
7.Reconstructing the Ruined Tower:Contemporary Communications and Questions of Class
Graham Murdock
8.The Information Commodity:A Preliminary View
Dan Schiller
9.The Political Economy Approach:A Critical Challenge
Oscar H.Gandy,Jr.
10.Political Economy,Communication,and Labor
Vincent Mosco
11.Political Economy,Power and New Media
Robin Mansell
Part Two:Methodological Considerations and Disciplinary Dialogues
12.Abstracted Empiricism
C.Wright Mills
13.Media Sociology:The Dominant Paradigm
Todd Gitlin
14.The Rediscovery of\〃Ideology\〃:Return of the Repressed in Media Studies
Stuart Hall
15.Rethinking Political Economy:Change and Continuity
Eileen R.Meehan Vincent Mosco Janet Wasko
16.Not Yet the Post?Imperialist Era
Herbert I.Schiller
17.The Political Economy of Communication and the Future of the Field
Robert W.McChesney
Part Three:The Power of Advertising and the Making of the Audience Commodity
18.Advertising at the Edge of the Apocalypse
Sut Jhally
19.The Restructuring of the European Advertising Industry
Armand M attelart
20.Capitalism and Control of the Press
James Curran
21.Advertising and the Content of a Democratic Press
C.Edwin Baker
22.Gendering the Commodity Audience:Critical Media Research,Feminism,and Political Economy
Eileen R.M eehan
23.Race,Ethnicity and the Segmentation of Media Markets Oscar H.Gandy,Jr
Part Four:Ownership and Control in the Anglo?American Contexts:Capital,the State,and Other Social Forces
24.The Process of Legitimation-Ⅱ
Ralph Miliband
25.A Propaganda Model
Edward HermanNoam Chomsky
26.Extending and Refining the Propaganda Model
Colin Sparks
27.Large Corporations and the Control of the Communications Industries
Graham Murdock
28.The Publishing Industry
Mark Crispin Miller
29.Speaking Volumes:The Book Publishing Oligopoly and Its Cultural Consequences
Leah F.Binder
30.Government Financial Support to the Film Industry in the United States
Thomas Guback
31.The New Theology of the First Amendment:Class Privilege over Democracy
Robert W.McChesney
32.Copyright and the Commodification of Culture
Ronald V.Bettig
33.Stealth Regulation:Moral Meltdown and Political Radicalism at the Federal Communications Commission
Andrew Calabrese
34.Dynamics of Power in Contemporary Media Policy?Making
Des Freedman
35.Commercialism and Professionalism in the American News Media
Daniel C.Hallin
36.The Hidden Side of Television Violence
George Gerbner
Part Five:International Perspectives:The Global,and National,and Local Dynamics of Capitalist Integration
37.The Context:Great Media Debate
Kaarle Nordenstreng
38.The Processes:From Nationalisms to Transnationals
J sus Mart n?Barbero
39.Communication and the Postcolonial Nation?State:A New Political Economic Research Agenda
Amin Alhassan
40.Who Speaks for Asia:Media and Information Control in the Global Economy
Gerald SussmanJohn A.Lent
41.Global Productions
Gerald SussmanJohn A.Lent
42.Political Economy and Ethnography:Transformations in an Indian Village
Manjunath Pendakur
43.A Contemporary\〃Denial of Access\〃:Knowledge,IPR and the Public Good
Pradip Thomas
Part Six:Sites,Agents and Processes of Transformation
44.Rethinking Media and Democracy
James Curran
45.Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-Technology Capitalism
Nick Witheford
46.For a Political Economy of Indymedia Practice
Bob Hanke
47.Global Commons,Public Space and Contemporary IPR
Lawrence Liang
48.Who Speaks for the Governed? World Summit on Information Society,Civil Society and the Limits of“Multistakeholderism”
Paula Chakravartty
文獻出處
出版後記
追溯傳播政治經濟學的學術淵源,西方文化馬克思主義思想是其重要的源泉。從盧卡奇(Georg Szegedy von Lukacs,1885—1971)、葛蘭西(Antonio Gramsci,1891—1937)到法蘭克福學派和阿爾都塞(Louis
Althusser,1918—1980),文化馬克思主義者為傳播政治經濟學的發展奠定了基礎。盧卡奇是匈牙利現代卓越的思想家和革命家,一生曲折、磨難重重,他因對馬克思主義的獨特理解和重新界定奠定了其作為“西方馬克思主義”創始人的地位。盧卡奇在《歷史與階級意識》中敏銳體悟到馬克思描述與揭示資本主義社會的基本牲質是從商品開始,“因為在人類的這一發展階段上,沒有一個問題不最終追溯到商品這個問題,沒有一個問題的解答不能在商品結構之謎的解答中找到”(中文版《歷史與階級意識》,1—995:170)。他以“物化”概念直接發揮了馬克思著作中的有關商品拜物教的論述,並由經濟領域擴展到政治上層建築和意識形態領域。經濟物化,需要政治上層建築里的物化的保障,更需要意識形態領域里物化的掩蓋、論證和說明,反之亦然。物化意識對資產階級所尋求的經濟物化、政治物化以及資產階級的整個統治,起著論證、說明、合理化的作用,對無產階級和其他勞動人民來說,則起著把掩蓋、隱匿、麻痹變為似乎是反映現實本質的既定現實,使其喪失真正的階級意識和自我意識的功能和作用(中文版《歷史與階級意識》,1995:170—304)。意大利共產黨人葛蘭西(Antonio
Gramsci)以自己的政治運動實踐反思為什麼意大利北部的工人階級不是必然的革命者?他克服了其生存時代共產主義理論中流行的“經濟論”與“唯心論”的弊病,而以“霸權構成”的過程闡釋統治階級的歷史因由,揭示了統治階級為鞏固其霸權統治而從事的意識形態抗爭過程。秉持馬克思主義的批判精髓的法蘭克福學派,他們反對實證主義,包括馬克思主義包含的實證主義傳統,認為啟蒙運動是對理性的背叛而不是發揚,是這一背叛導致了工具理性霸權,為壟斷資本主義興起鋪平了道路。此外,他們也反對盛行的自由主義觀點,後者認為法西斯主義乃是一次特殊的歷史偏離。相反,他們認為這是一種充滿危機的後期資本主義結構的邏輯延伸。所以,法蘭克福學派致力于勾勒出一個既“科學”(可用材料驗證),且具有“批判性”(目標在于創造一個更持久、理性和公平的社會秩序)的資本主義社會制度觀(Jansen,2002:44—45)。該學派的第一代學人霍克海默和阿多諾(Max
Horkeheimer & Theodor
W.Adorno,1972)在1944年的《文化產業:欺騙公眾的啟蒙精神》一文中指出(此文後來收入《啟蒙辯證法》一書):在現代資本主義社會,整個世界都要通過文化工業(即商品形式或商業模式的文化)的過濾,認為文化工業的總體效果之一是反啟蒙,作為不斷進步的對自然的技術統治的啟蒙,變成了大眾欺騙,轉變成束縛自覺意識的工具。它妨礙了自主的、獨立的個人的發展,不利于一個民主社會的建設(Max
Horkeheimer & Theodor
W.Adorno,1972)。也就如詹森所說:霍克海默和阿多諾揭示了文化工業已經侵入集體的無意識中,使得大眾的希望、夢想、欲望以及烏托邦式的幻想都帶上了文化工業世界總部好萊塢的烙印。他們相信資本的支持者不僅通過所有權控制著大眾文化機構,也對人們的想象力操演著支配作用。他們都認為20世紀的大眾媒介和大眾娛樂(也就是“文化工業”)已經深植于工業化民眾的意識中,使他們甚至無法想到抵抗,更不用說構連(articulate)社會解放變革的平台了(Jansen,2002:45)。20世紀60年代至70年代風行西方的馬克思主義者阿爾都塞(Louis
Althusser)提出意識形態國家機器(Ideological State Apparatuses)和意識形態理論(Theory of
Ideology),他在《保衛馬克思》中說:“意識形態就是意象表現(印象、神話、思想或觀念)的制度,它有自身的邏輯和嚴密性,這種制度在存在的社會內具有存在和歷史的作用。”(轉引自曾枝盛,1990:164)這一定義重申了意識形態的相對自主性(特定的邏輯和獨特的結構),強調了意識形態的表象性質及其重要作用——“不是生產真正的知識的作用(理論作用),而是對個人行動來說用做指導的模式和社會集團(實踐社會的作用)”(曾枝盛,1990:164—165)。也就是說,阿爾都塞強化了馬克思所缺乏的部分,“意識形態在社會中扮演何種功能和角色,以及它如何內化為主體的規範等。除此之外,他更在觀點上提出關鍵性的轉變,即他不再將意識形態視為‘觀念’(
ideas)或‘意識’(consciousness),而認為意識形態是具有社會效應的具體(materiality)表現”(張錦華,1994:101)。