＂Hip-hop is a deeply spiritual cultural, a culture that since its beginnings has provided urban youth all over the world with a sense of place, being and direction, with knowledge of self and
knowledge of cultural heritage. By examining a number of rap tunes and graffiti walls, Carl Petter Opsahl explores different spiritualities and religious traditions informing hip-hop culture,
including, Christianity, Nation of Islam, Nation of Gods and Earths and indigenous spiritualities. By developing a theoretical framework of hybrid spirituality, Opsahl outlines spiritual
strategies of survival and resistance in contexts of oppression and struggle.＂
