A Guided Science

���� Major changes have occurred in contemporary sciences��collective authorship, fragmentation of knowledge into small, quickly published (and equally quickly retractable) journal articles, and the counting of numbers of such articles by institutions as if that is a measure of ��cientific productivity.��Scientists are inherently ambivalent about the benefit of these changes for the actual development of knowledge. There is a gradual ��ake-over��of the domain of scientific knowledge creation by other social institutions with vested interests in defending and promoting knowledge that serves their social interests. Sciences are entering into a new form of social servitude.

���� That sciences are guided by explicit and implicit ties to their surrounding social world is not new. In this volume Jaan Valsiner fills in the wide background of scholarship on the history of science, the recent focus on social studies of sciences, and the cultural and cognitive analyses of knowledge making. The theoretical scheme Valsiner carries over to the phenomena of social guidance of science comes from his thinking about processes of development in general��is theory of bounded indeterminacy��nd on the relations of human beings with their culturally organied environments.

���� Valsiner examines reasons for the slow and nonlinear progress of ideas in psychology as a science at the border of natural and social sciences. Why is that movement inherently paradoxical and episodically productive in different countries at different times? Most responses are self-serving blinders for presenting science as a given rather than understanding it as a deeply human experience. For Valsiner, scientific knowledge is cultural in its core.